The Entire Spine, Explained in 16 Minutes

Note: At 1:54 I meant 5x Lumbar vertebra & 5x Sacral Vertebrae. Content: 00:00 Introduction & Content 00:53 Dividing the Spine 02:08 Why Does the Spine have Curves? 03:57 Basic Structures of Vertebra 07:27 Cervical Vertebrae 11:17 Thoracic Vertebrae 12:57 Lumbar Vertebrae 09:57 Immovable Joints (Synarthroses) 13:44 Sacrum 15:52 Coccyx 16:17 Outro --- 🫀Help me make more free educational content: youtube.com/channel/UCEr7pkSXVsHcBLLBcJAGV-Q/join 📲Other Links: Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/taimtalksmed/ Discord: https://discord.com/invite/DENMUpS8ey Website: https://taimtalksmed.com/ -- Vertebral Column (Bones, Regions, Curvatures & Landmarks) | Anatomy Structures covered in this video: Vertebral Column Regions: • Cervical vertebrae (Vertebrae cervicales) • Thoracic vertebrae (Vertebrae thoracicae) • Lumbar vertebrae (Vertebrae lumbales) • Sacral vertebrae (Vertebrae sacrales) • Coccygeal vertebrae (Vertebrae coccygeae) Physiological Curvatures: • Cervical lordosis (Lordosis cervicalis) • Thoracic kyphosis (Kyphosis thoracica) • Lumbar lordosis (Lordosis lumbalis) • Sacral kyphosis (Kyphosis sacralis) Abnormal Spinal Curvatures (Clinical): • Hyperlordosis (Hyperlordosis) • Hyperkyphosis (Hyperkyphosis) • Scoliosis (Scoliosis) General Vertebral Structures (Common): • Vertebral body (Corpus vertebrae) • Vertebral arch (Arcus vertebrae) • Lamina (Lamina arcus vertebrae) • Pedicle (Pediculus arcus vertebrae) • Vertebral foramen (Foramen vertebrale) • Spinous process (Processus spinosus) • Transverse process (Processus transversus) • Superior articular process (Processus articularis superior) • Inferior articular process (Processus articularis inferior) • Intervertebral foramen (Foramen intervertebrale) • Vertebral canal (Canalis vertebralis) • Intervertebral disc (Discus intervertebralis) • Annular epiphysis (Epiphysis anularis) Cervical Vertebrae Specifics: • Carotid tubercle (Tuberculum caroticum) • Anterior tubercle (Tuberculum anterius) • Posterior tubercle (Tuberculum posterius) • Groove for spinal nerve (Sulcus nervi spinalis) • Bifid spinous process (Processus spinosus bifidus) • Transverse foramen (Foramen transversarium) Atlas (C1): • Anterior arch (Arcus anterior atlantis) • Posterior arch (Arcus posterior atlantis) • Lateral mass (Massa lateralis atlantis) • Superior articular facet (Facies articularis superior) • Anterior tubercle (Tuberculum anterius) • Posterior tubercle (Tuberculum posterius) • Groove for vertebral artery (Sulcus arteriae vertebralis) • Facet for dens (Fovea dentis) Axis (C2): • Dens (Dens axis) • Anterior articular facet (Facies articularis anterior dentis) • Posterior articular facet (Facies articularis posterior dentis) Thoracic Vertebrae (Typical T2–T9): • Superior costal facet (Fovea costalis superior) • Inferior costal facet (Fovea costalis inferior) • Transverse costal facet (Fovea costalis transversalis) Thoracic Vertebrae (Atypical): • T1: Single full facet (Fovea costalis totalis) • T10–T12: Single full facet, rudimentary transverse facet Lumbar Vertebrae: • Costal process (Processus costalis) • Kidney-shaped vertebral body (Corpus reniforme) • Quadrate spinous process (Processus spinosus quadratus) Sacrum: • Sacral base (Basis ossis sacri) • Sacral apex (Apex ossis sacri) • Sacral promontory (Promontorium ossis sacri) • Sacral wings (Ala ossis sacri) • Auricular surface (Facies auricularis) • Sacral tuberosity (Tuberositas sacralis) • Anterior sacral foramina (Foramina sacralia anteriora) • Transverse ridges (Lineae transversae) • Posterior sacral foramina (Foramina sacralia posteriora) • Median sacral crest (Crista sacralis mediana) • Medial sacral crest (Crista sacralis medialis) • Lateral sacral crest (Crista sacralis lateralis) • Sacral canal (Canalis sacralis) • Sacral hiatus (Hiatus sacralis) • Sacral horns (Cornua sacralia) Coccyx: • Coccygeal cornua (Cornua coccygea) Structures Mentioned in Vertebral Canal: • Spinal cord (Medulla spinalis) • Meninges (Meninges spinales) • Anterior spinal artery (Arteria spinalis anterior) • Posterior spinal artery (Arteria spinalis posterior) • Vertebral venous plexus (Plexus venosus vertebralis) • Ligamentum flavum (Ligamentum flavum) • Posterior longitudinal ligament (Ligamentum longitudinale posterius) • Spinal nerve (Nervus spinalis) • Spinal nerve root (Radix nervi spinalis) • Sympathetic chain ganglia (Ganglia trunci sympathici) Clinical anatomy and conditions discussed: • Hyperlordosis and back pain • Kyphosis and postural issues • Scoliosis with vertebral wedging and rotation • Compression of carotid artery at carotid tubercle • Postural problems, muscle imbalance, and ligament stress Sources: • Kozlowski, T. (2017). Memorix Anatomy. 2nd ed. • Standring S. (2020). Gray's Anatomy, 42nd edition. • Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Loukas M. (2016). Bergman's Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation. • White TD, Folkens PA. (2005). The Human Bone Manual. Programs used: Complete Anatomy, Biorender, PowerPoint