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The Nazis are today justifiably regarded as the epitome of evil. Their policies, their ideology, the way they conducted war and occupation, and, most notably, the Holocaust are all proof of the criminal genocidal character of their regime It is, however, a common misconception that all this murderous sadism was part of one master plan of destruction. The reality is, as usual, more complicated.
Today, on A Day in History, we explore some of the lesser-known horrendous programs born from the Nazis' sick imagination. Through these programs, we'll also glimpse the evolution of their killing frenzy as World War II unfolded..
Nazi policies before and after WWII
In most stories about Nazi Germany, we are used to viewing the rise and fall of Hitler and his followers as a comprehensive continuum: the rise to power, the repression of political opponents, the anti-Jewish measures, and the reversal of the Versailles obligations all led to the invasion of Poland and the murderous chaos of the world war. While this narrative is enlightening, it obscures the important fact that the Nazi policies acquired qualitatively AND quantitatively very different features after the autumn of 1939. This was because, starting in 1939 and until at least 1942, the Nazi policies had to be implemented on vast new territories and populations. For instance, the Jews in Germany numbered less than half a million when the Nazis took power in 1933 and were, as known, subjected to extremely racial yet non-murderous policies until 1939. When 3.500.000 more Polish Jews fell into the Nazis’ hands in 1939, however, these same policies no longer applied and were quickly transformed into genocidal. The new realities that the war in the East after 1941 also necessitated new practical policies that did not always align well with the stubbornly inflexible Nazi ideology. Nonetheless, the Nazis did attempt to balance their hateful ideas with the practical need to win the war. Here are six programs they implemented to achieve this balance in their own inhumane way.
Action T4: The Euthanasia Program
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Sources:
Arad Yitzhak (1987/1999), Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press.
Beer Matthias (1987), „Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden" Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 37 (3), pp. 403-417. (English Translation: https://pages.ucsd.edu/~lzamosc/chelm10.htm)
Browning Christopher (1992), Ordinary Men: Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, HarperCollins.
Browning Christopher (2004), The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942, University of Nebraska Press.
Helm Sarah (2015), If This Is A Woman: Inside Ravensbruck: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women, Little, Brown.
Spector Shmuel (1990), "Aktion 1005—effacing the murder of millions", Oxford Journals, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 5 (2), pp. 157–173.
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