Grant Sanderson (3Blue1Brown) | Unsolvability of the Quintic | The Cartesian Cafe w/ Timothy Nguyen

Grant Sanderson is a mathematician who is the author of the YouTube channel “3Blue1Brown”, viewed by millions for its beautiful blend of visual animation and mathematical pedagogy. His channel covers a wide range of mathematical topics, which to name a few include calculus, quaternions, epidemic modeling, and artificial neural networks. Grant received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from Stanford University and has worked with a variety of mathematics educators and outlets, including Khan Academy, The Art of Problem Solving, MIT OpenCourseWare, Numberphile, and Quanta Magazine. In this episode, we discuss the famous unsolvability of quintic polynomials: there exists no formula, consisting only of finitely many arithmetic operations and radicals, for expressing the roots of a general fifth degree polynomial in terms of the polynomial's coefficients. The standard proof that is taught in abstract algebra courses uses the machinery of Galois theory. Instead of following that route, Grant and I proceed in barebones style along (somewhat) historical lines by first solving quadratics, cubics, and quartics. Along the way, we present the insights obtained by Lagrange that motivate a very natural combinatorial question, which contains the germs of modern group theory and Galois theory and whose answer suggests that the quintic is unsolvable (later confirmed through the work of Abel and Galois). We end with some informal discussions about Abel's proof and the topological proof due to Vladimir Arnold. #3blue1brown #grantsanderson #math #maths #mathematics #algebra #grouptheory #pedagogy #equations #polynomials Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/timothynguyen Part I. Introduction 00:00: Introduction 00:52: How did you get interested in math? 06:30: Future of math pedagogy and AI 12:03: Overview. How Grant got interested in unsolvability of the quintic 15:26: Problem formulation 17:42: History of solving polynomial equations 19:50: Po-Shen Loh Part II. Working Up to the Quintic 28:06: Quadratics 34:38 : Cubics 37:20: Viete’s formulas 48:51: Math duels over solving cubics: del Ferro, Fiorre, Tartaglia, Cardano, Ferrari 53:24: Prose poetry of solving cubics 54:30: Cardano’s Formula derivation 1:03:22: Resolvent 1:04:10: Why exactly 3 roots from Cardano’s formula? Part III. Thinking More Systematically 1:12:25: Takeaways and Lagrange’s insight into why quintic might be unsolvable 1:17:20: Origins of group theory? 1:23:29: History’s First Whiff of Galois Theory 1:25:24: Fundamental Theorem of Symmetric Polynomials 1:30:18: Solving the quartic from the resolvent 1:40:08: Recap of overall logic Part IV. Unsolvability of the Quintic 1:52:30: S_5 and A_5 group actions 2:01:18: Lagrange’s approach fails! 2:04:01: Abel’s proof 2:06:16: Arnold’s Topological Proof 2:18:22: Closing Remarks Further Reading on Arnold's Topological Proof of Unsolvability of the Quintic: 1) L. Goldmakher. https://web.williams.edu/Mathematics/lg5/394/ArnoldQuintic.pdf 2) B. Katz. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhpVSV6iCko Twitter: @iamtimnguyen Webpage: http://www.timothynguyen.org Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-cartesian-cafe/id1637353704 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1X5asAByNhNr996ZsGGICG