Epigenetics

You know all about how DNA bases can code for an organism's traits, but did you know there's more influencing phenotype than just the bases? Explore epigenetics with the Amoeba Sisters by learning about a few types of epigenetic marks and some examples of them in action. Contents: 00:00 Intro 2:14 Epigenetic Marks 4:13 Studies Involving Rodents & Epigenetics 5:51 Points about Inheritance and Factors Involving Inheritance 7:01 Why study Epigentics? 7:51 Epigentic Therapy ------------------------ REFERENCES: Clark, Mary Ann, Matthew Douglas, and Jung Choi. “16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation- Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Biology 2e. OpenStax, March 28, 2018. https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/16-3-eukaryotic-epigenetic-gene-regulation Klug, William S, Michael R Cummings, Charlotte A Spencer, Michael Angelo Palladino, and Darrell Killian. Essentials of Genetics. Hoboken: Pearson, 2020. Adams, J. (2008) Obesity, epigenetics, and gene regulation. Nature Education 1(1):128 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/obesity-epigenetics-and-gene-regulation-927/ Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2004 Aug;7(8):847-54. doi: 10.1038/nn1276. Epub 2004 Jun 27. PMID: 15220929. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15220929/ Robert A. Waterland, Randy L. Jirtle Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation Molecular and Cellular Biology Aug 2003, 23 (15) 5293-5300; DOI: 10.1128/MCB.23.15.5293-5300.2003 https://mcb.asm.org/content/23/15/5293 Dana C. Dolinoy, Dale Huang, Randy L. Jirtle Maternal nutrient supplementation counteracts bisphenol A-induced DNA hypomethylation in early development Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Aug 2007, 104 (32) 13056-13061; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703739104 https://www.pnas.org/content/104/32/13056 Simmons, D. (2008) Epigenetic influence and disease. Nature Education 1(1):6 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/epigenetic-influences-and-disease-895/ Zhang, T. Y., Labonté, B., Wen, X. L., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2013). Epigenetic mechanisms for the early environmental regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression in rodents and humans. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(1), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.149 Oomen, M. E., & Dekker, J. (2017). Epigenetic characteristics of the mitotic chromosome in 1D and 3D. Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology, 52(2), 185–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2017.1287160 https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/epigenetics.htm https://www.sciencemag.org/news/1997/09/extra-licking-makes-relaxed-rats ---------------------------- FURTHER READING SUGGESTIONS: This website is phenomenal for learning about epigenetics, and it was recommended in Pinky’s graduate course. https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/ More about histones? https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/histones-57/ Why did we write the words “some exceptions” when mentioning that methyl groups *generally* prevent transcription? More info: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137275/ We mention these are only some examples of epigenetic marks. What others exist? Check out this further reading which mentions Micro-RNAs. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00068.2010 What do we mean about epigenetic tags being “cleared?” Two great further readings: https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/ https://science.sciencemag.org/content/293/5532/1089 Epigenetic therapy with diseases? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937439/ ---------------------------- The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos ⭐ Our Linktree: https://linktr.ee/amoebasisters ❤️ Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us 🗂️ Resources that complement our videos! https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/pubhtml Biology Video Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1F0iQPGrjehze3eDpco1eVz MUSIC: Intro music designed & performed by Jeremiah Cheshire. End music listed free to use/no attribution required from YouTube audio library. TRANSLATIONS: Turkish Subtitles by Kardelen Karaman We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. You can submit translated subtitles here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-ed-tech-favorites/community-contributed-subtitles