In 1905 Einstein developed his theory of special relativity. It was an explanation of how speed affects mass, time and space. It included a way for the speed of light to define the relationship between energy and matter. In it, he defined that the speed of light was constant. What many people may not be aware of is that Einstein did not hold this view for long and would start to develop a theory which would allow for a variable speed of light.
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References:
Einstein's Papers:
1905 paper: https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol2-trans/324
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol4-trans/144
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol4-trans/325
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol4-trans/295
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol4-trans/271
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol6-trans/340
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol7-trans/156
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol6-doc/503
https://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu/vol7-trans/192
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/caesium-atom
http://ag-physics.org/gravity/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation
https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.7377
https://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/
https://physicsdetective.com/the-speed-of-light/
https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.4507
https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.17.54
https://agenda.infn.it/event/17248/contributions/86769/attachments/63113/75911/COUCHOT_2DickeSardegna2019.pdf
00:00 Introduction
00:32 Einstein's Changing Views
04:02 Eddington's Solar Eclipse Observations
05:19 Shapiro's Paper
06:35 Setting the Speed of Light to be Invariant
07:11 The Problem of Measuring the Speed of Light
11:19 The Deeper Problem
12:17 Einstein and the Aether